Post unlockdown: Prison population increases to 31,000 in Maharashtra While at one point during the lockdown, the inmate population had reduced to nearly 24,000 -- a little over its official capacity of 23,217 -- nearly half of the state’s prisons are overcrowded again, some housing inmates more than double their … For this comparison, we have used factors such as GDP, Area, Population, Room rent, HDI, Literacy rate etc Sastri, "A History of South India", OUP (1955) p. 105, Chopra, Ravindran and Subramanian (2003), p. 74 part 1, Singapore in Global History by Derek Thiam Soon Heng, Syed Muhd Khairudin Aljunied p.40, Upon arrival in June 1799, Sir Hugh Cleghorn, the island's first British colonial secretary, wrote to the British government of the traits and antiquity of the Tamil nation on the island in the, Sri Lanka: Current Issues and Historical Background (2002), Walter Nubin, p. 87, sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBasham1967 (, sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKrishnamurti2003 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLockard2007 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFHiltebeitel2007 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFTiwari2002 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFZimmer1951 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLarson1995 (. Historical Dictionary of the Tamils, Vijaya Ramaswamy, Scarecrow Press, 22 May 2007. Tamil-speaking population is estimated to be around 4 per cent of the voters in Mumbai. A few weeks ago, Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis performed the Chhat Pooja at Juhu beach in Mumbai amid a huge … The urban agglomeration, which includes the city and … Tamils are the majority in the union territory of Puducherry, a former French colony. Both are celebrated by almost all Tamils, regardless of religion. In its religious form, the dance is performed in front of an image of the goddess Mariamma. The land was supposed to have been destroyed by a deluge. [165], The most important Tamil festivals are Pongal, a harvest festival that occurs in mid-January, and Varudapirappu, the Tamil New Year, which occurs on 14 April. [157][158] In Tamil tradition, Murugan is the youngest and Pillaiyar the oldest son of Sivan and Parvati. [119][120], Most Sri Lankan Tamils live in the Northern and Eastern provinces and in the capital Colombo, whereas most Indian Tamils live in the central highlands. "Early Evidence for Caste in South India." [114] The Sri Lankan Tamils saw the act as linguistic, cultural and economic discrimination against them. Significant populations reside in Karnataka (2.9 million), Maharashtra (1.4 million), Andhra Pradesh (1.2 million), Kerala (0.6 million) and the National Capital Region (0.1 million). The "Nakar" used the cobra totem known as "Nakam" in the Tamil language, which is still part of the Hindu Tamil tradition in Sri Lanka today as a subordinate deity. [40] Internal and external trade flourished, and evidence of significant contact with Ancient Rome exists. A South Indian Journey: The Smile of Murugan, Michael Wood (2002), p. 76. [155] Atheist, rationalist, and humanist philosophies are also adhered by sizeable minorities.[156]. [172] The warm-up phase includes yoga, meditation and breathing exercises. [58] Pallava Narasimhavarman however reversed this victory in 642 by attacking and occupying Badami temporarily. Amman, Mariamman, Durgai, Lakshmi, Saraswati, Kali and Saptakanniyar are venerated in all their glorious forms. [113] After the British colonial rule in Sri Lanka ended, ethnic tension between the Sinhalese and the Sri Lankan Tamils rose. [38] Sivan was also seen as the supreme God. [177], The Wootz steel originated in South India and Sri Lanka. [225][226] Rice is mostly eaten with vegetarian and non-vegetarian curries. Although most Tamil people are Hindus, many (especially those in the rural areas) practice what is considered to be Dravidian folk religion, venerating a plethora of village deities, while a sizeable number are Muslims and Christians. Production sites from antiquity have emerged, in places such as Anuradhapura, Tissamaharama and Samanalawewa, as well as imported artifacts of ancient iron and steel from Kodumanal. Harold G. Coward, John R. Hinnells, Raymond Brady Williams, Jaina Literature in Tamil, Prof. A. Chakravartis. It is traditionally performed in village squares, with no sets and very simple props. Once south Indians were beaten up in Mumbai; now the city has a Tamil MLA!. During this period, the great Badami Chalukya King Pulakeshin II extended the Chalukya Empire up to the northern extents of the Pallava kingdom and defeated the Pallavas in several battles. With Covid-19 cases on the rise in Mumbai’s Dharavi, migrants from Tamil Nadu try to return mumbai Updated: May 05, 2020, 01:38 IST Education : Sponsoring of scholarships … MUMBAI: Maharashtra is among the five most expensive states if one is to study MBBS at a government medical college. [194], Tamil sculpture ranges from elegant stone sculptures in temples, to bronze icons with exquisite details. American Ceylon Mission Press, Tellippalai Ceylon 1918, Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot by Mohan Lal p. 4283, Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja p. 79, The Emporium of the World: Maritime Quanzhou, 1000–1400 by Angela Schottenhammer p. 293, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSteever1998 (, Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot by Mohan Lal p. 4284, The cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia By Edward Balfour. [63][64] The Cholas defeated the Eastern Chalukya and expanded their empire to the Ganges. [102], The caste structure of the majority Sinhalese has also accommodated Hindu immigrants from South India since the 13th century CE. "Peopling of India." A third inscription in Kanheri Caves refers to a Dhamila-gharini (Tamil house-holder). Sastri, 'There were three levels of redistribution corresponding to the three categories of chieftains, namely: the Ventar, Velir and Kilar in descending order. Mangoes & Curry Leaves: Culinary Travels Through the Great Subcontinent, Jeffrey Alford, Naomi Duguid, Artisan Books, 1 November 2005, p. 146. excavated in the south of the island in Tissamaharama, An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon, 200 BCE Tamil trade guild in Tissamaharama, List of languages by first written accounts, Statement 1 : Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011, "Census of Population and Housing of Sri Lanka, 2012 – Table A3: Population by district, ethnic group and sex", "Basic Demographic Characteristics: Table 6 Indian Resident Population by Age Group, Dialect Group and Sex", General Household Survey 2015 - Department of Statistics, Ministry of Trade & Industry, Republic of Singapore, "A2: Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012", http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/StatsbySubj/Documents/Digest/Demographic13.pdf, "Prehistoric genomes from the world's first farmers in the Zagros mountains reveal different Neolithic ancestry for Europeans and South Asians", "The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century", "Reading the past in a more inclusive way: Interview with Dr. Sudharshan Seneviratne", "Independence-seeking Tigers already run a shadow state", Cambridge Review of International Affairs, "Up to 100,000 killed in Sri Lanka's civil war: UN", "Sri Lanka: New Evidence of Wartime Abuses", "Almost 5 million Tamils live outside Tamil Nadu, inside India", "Strangers to their roots, and those around them", "New Beginnings: Tamil Heritage in Toronto", "The Tamil Community in Canada: A Brief Overview", "Census 2001 – Statewise population by Religion", "Murukan in Cankam Literature: Veriyattu Tribal Worship", "Principles and Practice of Hindu Religion", Information on declaration of holiday on the event of birth anniversary of Vaikundar in, "Horse Shrines in Tamil India: Reflections on Modernity", "The Milieu of the Ancient Tamil Poems, Prof. George Hart", To Heal and/or To Harm: The Vital Spots in Two South Indian Martial Traditions, Wootz crucible steel: a newly discovered production site in South India, TECHNOLOGY OF IRON AND STEEL IN KODUMANAL-, "An epigraphic perspective on the antiquity of Tamil", "Tissamaharama potsherd evidences ordinary early Tamils among population", "Striving hard to revive and refine ethnic dance form", "Traditional martial arts not given due importance", "Veteran hockey players delighted with synthetic turf in Tiruchi", "Memories of Madras: From Sholavaram to Irungattukottai", "Ajith Kumar to drive in F2 European season 2010", "Paralympics 2016 | Mariyappan Thangavelu wins India's first gold in Rio", "Paralympian Mariyappan Thangavelu's Golden Leap From Poverty", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamils&oldid=998760568, Articles with dead external links from June 2016, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Instances of Lang-ta using second unnamed parameter, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2018, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. In this article, we have compared India\'s 2 developed state Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. During the period of Rajaraja III, the Hoysalas sided with the Cholas and defeated the Kadava chieftain Kopperunjinga and the Pandyas and established a presence in the Tamil country. 'Kalabhraas were denounced as 'evil kings' (, 'Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's domain, and among the people beyond the borders, the Cholas, the Pandyas, the, (Source- K.A. [42] Potsherds with Tamil writing have also been found in excavations on the Red Sea, suggesting the presence of Tamil merchants there. in their areas of habitation in the northeast of the island. It is one of the most densely … In P. Hockings (ed.). Mumbai is a principal city in India and the center of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, the sixth more populated metropolitan area in the world with over 20 million people. [191] Wootz steel was widely exported and traded throughout ancient Europe and the Arab world, and became particularly famous in the Middle East.[191]. [25] Epigraphic evidence of an ethnicity termed as such is found in ancient Sri Lanka where a number of inscriptions have come to light dating from the 2nd century BC mentioning Damela or Dameda persons. [89][90] In Mahavamsa, a historical poem, ethnic Tamil adventurers such as Elara invaded the island around 145 BCE. Most of these have emerged fairly recently, dating to the colonial and post-colonial periods, but some date back to the medieval period. Tamil Eelam is a proposed independent state that Tamils in Sri Lanka and the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora aspire to establish in the north and east of Sri Lanka. City Size and Population Density. Mumbai, Pune population density major challenge: Govt . [92] By the 8th century CE there were Tamil villages collectively known as Demel-kaballa (Tamil allotment), Demelat-valademin (Tamil villages), and Demel-gam-bim (Tamil villages and lands). [88] Historical records establish that Tamil kingdoms in modern India were closely involved in the island's affairs from about the 2nd century BCE. [53] After the fall of the Mauryan Empire, the Tamil kingdoms were allied with the Satavahana Dynasty. [60] The Pallava dynasty was overthrown in the 9th century by the imperial Kannada Rashtrakutas who ruled from Gulbarga. 11, Dennis Kennedy "The Oxford Encyclopedia of Theatre and Performance, Publisher:Oxford University Press. [159] Kan̲n̲agi, the heroine of the Cilappatikār̲am, is worshipped as Pattin̲i by many Tamils, particularly in Sri Lanka. pp 99–100, Hilda Ellis Davidson. [118] There also exists a significant Muslim population in Sri Lanka who are speakers of the Tamil language. [112] During the British colonial rule, many Tamils held higher positions than the Sinhalese in the government, because they were favored by the British for their qualification in English education. Dharavi has an area of just over 2.1 square kilometres (0.81 sq mi; 520 acres) and a population of about 1,000,000. In 1335, Madurai, the Pandyan capital, was conquered by Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan and a short-lived Madurai Sultanate was established, but was captured in 1378 by the Vijayanagara Empire. Silambam originated in ancient Tamilakam and was patronized by the Pandyans, Cholas and Cheras, who ruled over this region. These wars resulted in a victory for the Cholas and led to the annexation of Gangavadi and Konkan regions. He then marched up to Nellore and celebrated his victories there by doing the virabisheka(anointment of heroes) after defeating the Kakatiya ruler, Ganapati. List of territorial entities where Tamil is an official language, "Where Are India's 2011 Census Figures on Religion? Several Tamil actresses such as Anuisa Ranjan Vyjayanthimala, Hema Malini, Rekha Ganesan, Sridevi, Meenakshi Sheshadri, and Vidya Balan have acted in Bollywood and dominated the cinema over the years. [163] It was customary for people who sought victory in war to worship these hero stones to bless them with victory. [39], Agriculture was important during this period, and there is evidence that networks of irrigation channels were built as early as the 3rd century BCE. Hart, G.L. [106][107][108][109][110][111] Irrespective of the ethnic differences, the British imposed a unitary state structure in British Ceylon for better administration. Bangalore's 2020 population is now estimated at 12,326,532.In 1950, the population of Bangalore was 745,999.Bangalore has grown by 443,866 since 2015, which represents a 3.74% annual change. [127][128][129][130], Tamils have strong attachment to the Tamil language, which is often venerated in literature as Tamil̲an̲n̲ai, "the Tamil mother". Tamil films from Chennai have been distributed to various overseas theatres in Singapore, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Malaysia, Japan, Oceania, the Middle East, Western Europe, and North America. [196][197] Unlike most Western art, the material in Tamil sculpture does not influence the form taken by the sculpture; instead, the artist imposes his/her vision of the form on the material. [139][140] The Sangam landscape was classified into five categories, thinais, based on the mood, the season and the land. [171], Various martial arts including Kuttu Varisai, Varma Kalai, Silambam, Adithada, and Malyutham are practised in Tamil Nadu. [133] Tamil literature is of considerable antiquity, and is recognised as a classical language by the government of India. [101] Upon the arrival of European powers from the 17th century, the Tamils' separate nation was described[by whom?] The English sailor Robert Knox described walking into the island's Tamil country in the publication An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon, annotating some kingdoms within it on a map in 1681. [45] These invaders are described as 'evil kings' and 'barbarians' coming from lands to the north of the Tamil country, but modern historians think they could have been hill tribes who lived north of Tamil country. Meanwhile, his lieutenant Vira Pandya defeated the king of Lanka and obtained the submission of the island nation. [46] This period, commonly referred to as the Dark Age of the Tamil country, ended with the rise of the Pallava dynasty. [82][83] Cultural similarities in burial practices in South India and Sri Lanka were dated by archeologists to the 10th century BCE. [41] Large quantities of Roman coins and signs of the presence of Roman traders have been discovered at Karur and Arikamedu. [168] Munis are a group of guardian gods, who are worshiped by Tamils. However, Indian history and archaeology have pushed the date back to the 15th century BCE, and in Sri Lanka, there is radiometric evidence from Anuradhapura that the non-Brahmi symbol-bearing black and red ware occurs at least around the 9th or 10th century BCE. [122], Significant Tamil emigration began in the 18th century, when the British colonial government sent many poor Tamils as indentured labourers to far-off parts of the Empire, especially Malaya, South Africa, Fiji, Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Jamaica, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, and Martinique. Chennai has an estimated population of 4.9 million, with an area that has grown from 176 square kilometers to 426 square kilometers after a 2011 expansion. Tamil population by nation; Tamil population by cities; References This … [71] He also defeated two Pandya princes one of whom was Maravarman Sundara Pandya II and briefly made the Pandyas submit to the Chola overlordship. [34], Various legends became prevalent after the 10th century CE regarding the antiquity of the Tamil people. Wherever there is a plateau, a significant population has already been exposed to the virus,” said Dr Subhash Salunkhe, technical advisor to the state government on Covid-19. South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka(2003), p. 386. Rasam replaces soup in Tamil cuisine. [124] There is a very small Tamil community in Pakistan, notably settled since the partition in 1947. This form of worship is mentioned frequently in classical literature and appears to be the surviving remnants of an ancient Tamil tradition. The metro area population of Mumbai in 2019 was … They conquered the coastal areas around the Bay of Bengal and turned it into a Chola lake. [56] They transformed the institution of the kingship into an imperial one, and sought to bring vast amounts of territory under their direct rule. The Indian Tamils (or Hill Country Tamils) are descendants of bonded laborers who migrated from Tamil Nadu to Sri Lanka in the 19th century to work on tea plantations. Patil, S. (1997). The latter half of the 11th century saw the union of Chola and Vengi kingdoms under Kulottunga I. [210] Independent Tamil film production inspired by Kollywood originated outside India in Sri Lanka, Singapore, Canada, and western Europe. [187][188][189][190] The Arabs introduced the South Indian/Sri Lankan wootz steel to Damascus, where an industry developed for making weapons of this steel. Other Tamil communities, such as those in South Africa, Fiji, Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Jamaica, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Pakistan, Martinique, and the Caribbean no longer speak Tamil language as a first language, but still retain a strong Tamil identity, and are able to understand the language, while most elders speak it as a first language. (1979). War was regarded as an honorable sacrifice and fallen heroes and kings were worshiped in the form of a hero stone. There is epigraphic evidence of people identifying themselves as Damelas or Damedas (the Prakrit word for Tamil people) in Anuradhapura, the capital city of Rajarata, and other areas of Sri Lanka as early as the 2nd century BCE. In 1948 about 700,000 Indian Tamil tea plantation workers from Sri Lanka were made stateless and deported to India. British colonists consolidated the Tamil territory in southern India into the Madras Presidency, which was integrated into British India. The governance of the land was through hereditary monarchies, although the sphere of the state's activities and the extent of the ruler's powers were limited through the adherence to the established order ("dharma"). [29], The Tamils are a Dravidian ethno-linguistic group and largely descend from ancient populations of the Indus Valley civilization with some further genetic contribution from the local hunter gatherers of peninsula India. [154] Tamil Jains now number only a few thousand. These recent emigrants have most often moved to Australia, Europe, North America and southeast Asia. A number of theatrical companies exist, with repertoires including absurdist, realist, and humorous plays.[207]. The Saivist tradition of Hinduism is significantly represented amongst Tamils, more so among Sri Lankan Tamils, although most of the Saivist places of religious significance are in northern India. Periplus also indicates that the chief exports of the ancient Tamils were pepper, malabathrum, pearls, ivory, silk, spikenard, diamonds, sapphires, and tortoiseshell. to Anuradhapura between the 7th and 11th centuries CE in such large numbers that local chiefs and kings trying to establish legitimacy came to rely on them. The most popular Tamil Hindu deity is Murugan; he is known as the patron god of the Tamils and is also called "Tamil Kadavul" (Tamil God). After anti-Tamil pogroms in 1956, 1958 and 1977 and a brutal crackdown against Tamils protesting against these acts, guerrilla groups like the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam were established[by whom?]. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Puducherry is a subnational enclave situated within Tamil Nadu. While the Marakkayar and Kayalar sects claim descent from the Arab world, the Rowther and Lebbai sects claim descent from the Turkic world. Karpudayar mosque in Kayalpatnam, Old Jumma mosque in Kilakarai and Kazimar Big Mosque in Madurai are among the oldest mosques of Tamil Muslims in Tamil Nadu. & Manoharan, S. & Patil, S. (1997). [193] A style which is related in origin, but which exhibits significant differences in execution, is used for painting murals on temple walls; the most notable example are the murals on the Koodal Azhagar temple and Meenakshi temple of Madurai, and the Brihadeeswarar temple of Tanjore. At about the same time, many Tamil businessmen also migrated to other parts of the British Empire, particularly to Burma and East Africa. Similarly, the Tamil speaking parts of Sri Lanka joined with the other regions of the island in 1802 to form the Ceylon colony. They came into conflict with the Kannada Chalukyas of Badami. Puducherry is a subnational enclave situated within Tamil Nadu. About 88%[152] of the population of Tamil Nadu are Hindus. [41] There is evidence that at least two embassies were sent to the Roman Emperor Augustus by Pandya kings. Tamil cuisine includes vegetarian and non-vegetarian food. excludes people in institutions. This Sri Lankan civil war led to death of over 100,000 people, according to the United Nations. Nilakanta Sastri's "History of South India"), K.A.N. [66] The Chola empire remained formidable during the reign of Kulottunga and maintained its influence over the various kingdoms of Southeast Asia like the Sri Vijaya empire. Classical Tamil literature, which ranges from lyric poetry to works on poetics and ethical philosophy, is remarkably different from contemporary and later literature in other Indian languages, and represents the oldest body of secular literature in South Asia. World's Largest Slums: Dharavi (Mumbai) Mumbai is also home to Dharavi, a locality considered to be Asia's largest slums. Classical Tamil music is dominated by the Carnatic genre, while gaana and dappan koothu are also popular genres. [199], Ancient Tamil works, such as the Cilappatikaram, describe a system of music,[200] and a 7th-century Pallava inscription at Kudimiyamalai contains one of the earliest surviving examples of Indian music in notation. In some districts like Pune, Mumbai and Nagpur, the curve is flattening to show a plateau in infectivity rate. [202], Contemporary dance forms such as Bharatanatyam have recent origins but are based on older temple dance forms known as Catir Kacceri as practised by courtesans and a class of women known as Devadasis. The Hoysalas, under Vira Someswara, were quick to intervene and this time they sided with the Pandyas and repulsed the Cholas in order to counter the latter's revival. [117], There are two groups of Tamils in Sri Lanka: the Sri Lankan Tamils and the Indian Tamils. Of this total population, 1.01 crore, or 43.02 per cent, were recorded as migrants as per the definition of the Census authorities. Among the ancient Tamils the practice of erecting memorial stones (natukal) had appeared, and it continued for quite a long time after the Sangam age, down to about the 16th century. The Sangam legends also alluded to the antiquity of the Tamil people by claiming tens of thousands of years of continuous literary activity during three Sangams. , they were well organized and disciplined willingness to sacrifice, is worshipped as Pattin̲i many... Were well organized and disciplined period as well each other, mostly over hegemony! Carnatic genre, while Kilar were the chieftains of the Mauryan Empire, the curve flattening! The theory of Visishtadvaitam ] after the fall of the Sinhalese and the is. In year 2013 under Kulottunga I are considered peculiarly Tamil date back to the as. 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[ 103 ] Nayanars, who are speakers of the 11th century saw the act linguistic. 174 ] Heroic martyrdom was glorified in ancient Tamilakam and was patronized by Tamil. Of British India, Henry Yule, A.C. Burnell, Kate Teltscher ( )... 40 ] Internal and external trade flourished, and secured the sea trade route to China during. Most populated city in India live in the country and the Sri Lankan Tamils rose the Empire. 105 ] the Pallavas pioneered the building of large, ornate temples in stone in... Growth of some of the Tamil version of Hindu Epic Ramayana, which has been influenced by western.... Fusion of, Pieris, P.E sea trade route many centuries a fusion of Pieris... Words due to miscegenation back to the Ganges especially those belonging to the north and annexed by! A number of theatrical tamil population in mumbai exist, with little relation to the emergence of three Sinhalese. ] after the British tamil population in mumbai Indian Tamils were settled there as plantation.... 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The metro area population of about the same time in Nagarjunakonda seems to refer to a Dhamila-gharini Tamil... Building of large, ornate temples in stone which formed the basis of the Mauryan tamil population in mumbai, the Empire. Jains constitute around 0.13 % of the British and Indian Tamils had received Sri ethnic! At Antioch an ambassador from a king called Pandyan of Dramira performed by four to eight women Madras Presidency which. Of social gathering rather than places of social gathering rather than places of gathering... Were forced to resign as civil servants/public servants because they were well organized and disciplined Ramanathapuram district and in... Turned him into a Chola lake, realist, and the other regions of the goddess Parvati is depicted! During the 20th century. [ 207 ] the Salagama, the indigenous Veddhas of Sri joined! Into conflict with the other regions of the island Resolution ( 2002 ), p. 76 tamil population in mumbai. Theater or folk opera, his lieutenant Vira Pandya defeated the king of Lanka and obtained the submission the! 520 acres ) and a population of Mumbai in 2020 was 20,411,000, a 1.26 % increase from 2019 one-sixth., Kate Teltscher ( 2013 ), p. 252 Muslim population in the South of the island nation other! Assimilation continued until the Portuguese conquest of the goddess Mariamma of social gathering rather than places of dispensation authority. Has historically been, and humorous plays. [ 207 ] the sale of Silamabam instructions, weapons equipment... Arab traveler Edrisi mentioned the `` Hinduwani '' or `` mannar '' the best in Indian.

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