Benzoic acid have previously been evaluated by the EU Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) in 1994 3) and 2002 4). Hamzah HH, Yusof NA, Salleh AB, Bakar FA. Originally the oxidation reaction was carried out at 140 °C and ca. 2-benzoyl-benzoic Acid 13. However it was considered that further monitoring would be useful although no further formal action was considered necessary by the Commission at this time”. Benzoic Acid and Derivatives, in ‘Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of industrial Chemistry’ pp 329-342, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. The body is aided by salicylic acid to shed rough or dead skin cells. This salt may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. Recently, many studies showed that it could improve the growth and health, which should, at least partially, be derived from the promotion of gut functions, including digestion, absorption, and barrier. To know more such benzoic acid uses download the BYJU’S – the learning app. Opinion on benzoic acid and sodium benzoate. WHO Technical Report Series, 868, 41-43. In multiple bacterial assays and in experiments with mammalian cells, benzoic acid tested negative, although in vivo trials were not found. 41) were summarized by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment 42). The European Food Safety Authority Panel considered that the use of benzoic acid and its sodium and potassium salts as food additives does not raise a concern with respect to genotoxicity and, based on read-across, also considered that this conclusion is applicable for calcium benzoate 8). Benzoic acid is a byproduct of phenylalanine metabolism in bacteria. Benzoicum Acidum (Benzoic Acid) is very useful in treating urine symptoms like very smelly urine, discharge of white liquid with urine, alteration in urine color, frequent urination due to diabetes mellitus and other urine related symptoms. It has a role as an antimicrobial food preservative, an EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor, an EC 1.13.11.33 ( arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite, a human xenobiotic metabolite, an algal metabolite and a drug allergen. The maximum permitted concentrations of benzoic acid in each type of food are controlled by legislation. Sensors (Basel). Compound Benzoic Acid Ointment is used for fungal infections of skin, skin fungal infections, lice and scabies infestations and other conditions. http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0001870, Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of benzoic acid (E 210), sodium benzoate (E 211), potassium benzoate (E 212) and calcium benzoate (E 213) as food additives. Considering additional exposure from food categories which may contain benzoic acid-benzoates due to carry-over and for which data were available, the Panel concluded that exposure to benzoic acid-benzoates could be increased by up to two to three fold for all high-level consumers compared to the previous scenario for direct addition to food. The findings may thus be relevant for specific individuals within the population, showing sensitivity to food additives in general or to food colors in particular 24). In the brand-loyal scenario, benzoic acid exposures were from flavored fermented milk products and sauces for infants, flavored fermented milk products, processed fish and fishery products and flavored drinks; for children, adolescents, adults and the elderly, they were flavored drinks, sauces and processed fish and fishery products. To remove phthalic acid, whose presence is not allowed for food uses, treatment with amines and rinsing is required. The pressure of the liquid discharged from the reactor is reduced to atmospheric, and unreacted toluene is recovered. It is white and belongs to the family of carboxylic acid. Final. Emerald’s Purox benzoates are produced to the highest purity available, minimum 99.9%, which ensures excellent taste and odor profiles. A four-generation reproductive toxicity study with benzoic acid in the diet in rats was considered by the Panel as the pivotal study and a no observed adverse effect level of 500 mg benzoic acid/kg body weight per day, the highest dose tested, was identified. Example – salad dressings, soft drinks, fruit juices and pickles. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2318. Benzol in Lebensmitteln – Ein Überblick. The Panel considered that the acceptable daily intake (ADI) cannot be derived from a prenatal developmental toxicity study with benzoic acid performed by gavage. The body is aided by salicylic acid to shed rough or dead skin cells. Benzyl Alcohol, Benzoic Acid and its salts, and Benzyl Benzoate are used in a wide variety of cosmetics and personal care products, including baby products, bath products, soaps and detergents, eye makeup, blushers, cleansing products, make up products, as well as hair, nail and skin care products. Overall, given supporting evidence of lack of carcinogenicity of the related substances benzyl alcohol, benzyl acetate and benzaldehyde as described by JECFA, the European Food Safety Authority Panel considered that the data are sufficient to conclude that benzoic acid and its salts did not raise concern with respect to carcinogenicity. It is also present in baby products, skin products, cleansing products, hair and nail products, soaps, bath products, detergents etc. Benzoic acid is authorized as technological feed additive (acidity regulator) for pigs for fattening (10,000 mg/kg), as zootechnical additive for weaned piglets (5,000 mg/kg) and pigs for fattening (10,000 mg/kg) and as a chemically defined flavoring (125 mg/kg) 21). The four-generation reproductive toxicity study with benzoic acid in the diet in rats was considered by the European Food Safety Authority Panel as the pivotal study, as this study was the longest exposure period as compared to the developmental studies. While occupational exposure limits have not been established, benzoic acid may still pose a health risk and, therefore, the safe work practices should always be followed: 1. enable_page_level_ads: true Benzoic acid is frequently used at levels of 0.05 to 0.1 percent in conjunction with sorbic acid. Benzoic acid and sodium benzoate are also included in the European Union Register of feed additives 20). Benzoic Acid has vast applications in varieties of industry uses: Food and beverage additive, preservatives Intermediates for synthesis of other chemicals like Phenol, Benzene etc.. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on Benzoic acid and its salts SCF/CS/ADD/CONS/48 Final. From these reproductive and developmental studies, the European Food Safety Authority Panel derived an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 5 mg/kg body weight per day (expressed as benzoic acid) applying an uncertainty factor of 100. Required fields are marked *. Sublimation, recrystallisation and neutralization processes have been proposed. Benzoic acid (E 210), sodium benzoate (E 211), potassium benzoate (E 212) and calcium benzoate (E 213) are authorized food additives (food preservatives) in the European Union (EU) 2). It is used in the treatment of skin irritation caused by insect bites, burns etc. JECFA has additionally reviewed benzoic acid as a flavoring substance. Journal of AOAC International, 76, 1213–1219. Benzoic acid and a wide range of derivatives and related benzenic compounds, such as salts, alkyl esters, parabens, benzyl SCCP/0891/05. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2994. The results of short-term and subchronic studies on benzoic acid and its salts indicate that their toxicity is low. Usually processed food has benzoic acid to inhibit the growth of bacteria, mould and yeast. Benzoic acid, C12-15-alkyl ester is a colourless liquid with a low vapour pressure value suggesting low potential for inhalative exposure.The Partition coefficient n-octanol/water suggests potential for bioaccumulation. This unpublished study showed a LD50 of 2,250 (1,875–2,700) mg benzoic acid/kg body weight. SANCO – D1(2007)D/412774. In 2006, the European Commission and Member States had become aware of the potential formation of benzene under certain conditions in soft drinks from the reaction of benzoic acid and other ingredients. (Forty sixth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting on Food Additives. In a typical modern process, the oxidation is conducted at 165 °C and 0.9 MPa. Annex VI report. Maki T and Takeda K, 2000. December 2013. SCF (Scientific Committee on Food), 2002. From the regulatory benzoic acid maximum level exposure assessment scenario, the main contributing food categories to the total mean exposure estimates for infants and toddlers were flavored fermented milk products. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({ Benzoate is conjugated to glycine to form hippuric acid which is excreted in the urine. BfR Expert Opinion No 013/2006, 1 December 2005. Benzoic acid itself has low toxicity, but there has been concern because of a potential reaction that converts it to benzene. Its salts are used as a food preservative and it is an important precursor for the synthesis of many other organic substances. Benzoic acid is an extensively used food preservative. 2005;43:329–334. Small amounts of phthalic acid can also be present. One of the components of toothpaste, mouthwash, and face wash creams is C 6 H 5. Furthermore, anaphylaxis and urticaria have also been observed in sensitive individuals following exposure to benzoic acid and its salts at doses below the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Sodium benzoate is produced by the neutralization of benzoic acid with sodium hydroxide 14). The European Food Safety Authority Panel noted that if limestone is the source of calcium carbonate which is used in the production of calcium benzoate, then calcium benzoate could be contaminated with aluminium. SCCNFP/0532/01 final. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products Intended for Conumers concerning benzoic acid and sodium benzoate. Cakir R, Cagri-Mehmetoglu A. Benzoic acid is generally recognized as safe; however, adverse effects related to allergic reactions, such as asthma, urticaria, asthma, rhinitis, anaphylactic shock, metabolic acidosis, and convulsions, have been reported in sensitive individuals following oral, dermal, or inhalation exposure to benzoic acid 10), 11). SCCP (Scientific Committee on Consumer Products), 2005. Several  studies have shown that subgroups of patients already suffering from atopic dermatitis, pruritus, urticaria or persistent rhinitis may be intolerant even to low doses of benzoate. It is therefore reasonable to assume that studies on any of these substances provide valid information for the assessment of the toxicity of benzoic acid and its salts 34), 35). Therefore, specifications for the maximum level of aluminium in calcium benzoate may be required. 05%). Impact on health when sugar is replaced with intense sweeteners in soft drinks, “saft” and nectar. International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS): Benzoic Acid and Sodium Benzoate. Based on read-across, the European Food Safety Authority Panel considered that this conclusion is also applicable for calcium benzoate 22). The bottom residue is extracted to recover the cobalt catalyst. The European Food Safety Authority Panel noted that the available carcinogenicity studies on benzoic acid and its salts did not indicate any carcinogenic potential, although they were not conducted in accordance with current test guidelines and had deficiencies both in terms of design and reporting. This unpublished study showed a LD50 for males of 2,742 mg benzoic acid/kg body weight and for females of 2,565 mg benzoic acid/kg body weight. 909 73-84. The European Food Safety Authority Panel considered that the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of calcium benzoate will be similar to sodium or potassium salt and, therefore, read-across between the salts was possible. The exposure estimates in the regulatory maximum level exposure assessment scenario exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 5 mg/kg body weight per day for all population groups at the high levels and for toddlers and children also at the mean level. Benzoic acid, its salts and esters are used as preservatives (up to 0.5 %, calculated as acid) and currently as disinfectants (up to 2.5 %, calculated as acid) in cosmetic products. Benzoic acid and its sodium and potassium salts are rapidly absorbed after oral administration. The European Food Safety Authority Panel on Food Additives, Flavorings, Processing Aids and Food Contact Materials concluded that the study provides limited evidence that the two different mixtures of synthetic colours and sodium benzoate tested had a small and statistically significant effect on activity and attention in some children selected from the general population, although the effects were not observed for all children in all age groups and were not consistent for the two mixtures. Benzene, p. 322. For food and pharmaceutical uses, benzoic acid is upgraded by further processing. Considering additional exposure from food categories which may contain benzoic acid-benzoates due to carry-over and for which data were available, in the refined brand-loyal exposure scenario, the ADI was exceeded at the high level for all population groups and for infants, toddlers, children and adolescent at the mean. An acute study with benzoic acid by gavage in male and female mice was available to the European Food Safety Authority Panel. Ortho-benzoylbenzoic Acid 14. Food additive (e number) Treatment of metabolic disease Antiseptic agent Pharmaceutic aid: Preservative IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer), 2012. From the aforementioned studies, the European Food Safety Authority Panel derived an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 5 mg/kg body weight per day (expressed as benzoic acid) using an uncertainty factor of 100. Held in Brussels on 14 December 2007. Pubchem20125 35. The results of the available short-term and subchronic studies on benzoic acid and its salts indicated that their toxicity is low, with no marked target organ toxicity, although high intakes of benzoic acid may lead to disturbances in the acid/base balance, and benzoic acid at high doses may interfere with intermediary metabolism. E210 is used in the preservation of food. Benzoic acid and salicylic acid may also be used for other purposes not listed in this medication guide. Benzoic acid preservative prevents or delays In the non-brand-loyal scenario, the main contributing food categories were flavored drinks and sauces for all population groups. EC (European Commission), 2007b. When formaldehyde is dissolved in water, it is called formalin. BfR (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung [Federal Institute for Risk Assessment]), 2005. Benzoic acid Accession Number DB03793 Description A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. Chemical Agents and related Occupations. EFSA Journal 2011;9(7):2318, 73 pp. It was first prepared from coal tar. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 41, 693–695. 23) study that has concluded that exposure to two mixtures of four synthetic colors plus sodium benzoate, as a preservative, in the  diet resulted in increased hyperactivity in 3-year-old and 8- to 9-year-old children in the general population. 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