Professor da Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAN), no México. Ginebra: Compagnie des libraires, 1749. Clearly, this is the English version, which was completed two weeks after the Spanish version of the Jamaica Letter. Before his stay in Paris between 1804 and 1806, the literary salons commented on, among other issues, Saint-Pierre’s “utopia” and his expulsion from the French Academy. In: LABERGE, P.; LAFRANCE, G.; DUMAS, D. The inquisitorial interdictions were not rhetorical; they led to the imprisonment of some of its readers, as was the case with Camilo Henriquez during its formative stage in Lima (SILVA CASTRO, 1960, p. 60). Here, it should be admitted that both documents, the Carta of Mier and The Federalist, are insufficient to fully define amphictyony and that we must turn to Bolivar’s classical readings. May 20, 2017; Accepted: The misfortunes of the old world should give these lessons to the new one, where they are only practicable due to the homogeneity of language, education, customs, religion, and laws (MIER, 1987, p. 41). Some historians consider that the Charter of Jamaica was one of the documents on which the independence of the Spanish colonies in Latin America was founded. According to its Art. Despite its importance, historians are vague in this regard. For its organization, Simon Bolívar appeals to the amphictyonic assemblies of classical Greece and invokes the Pan-European project of the Abbe Saint Pierre. The treaty negotiated in Mexico by Miguel Santamaría and Lucas Alamán, acts on minor changes to Bolívar’s draft and serves as a good example of the Bolivarian conception. The ideas outlined in the “Jamaica Letter” influenced the policies of several democratically-elected leaders including late Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez, to promote regional unity through the strengthening and joining of regional integration mechanisms such as ALBA and CELAC. 0. The best kind of Orator by Cicero (1949, p. 33, 69, 73, 180, 247 and 248), the Annals by Tacitus (1937) and the Parallel lives of noble Grecians an Romans by Plutarch (1967), who refers to amphictyony in the biographies of Cimon, Demetrius, Lisandro, Solon, Sila and Themistocles, almost always as context. Paris: Librairie J. Vrin, 1997. p. 25-40. From the island of Jamaica, he issued a letter analyzing the current and future perspectives of the independence struggle. This movement is a landmark in the history of twentieth-century Brazilian art – in fact, it transformed discourses based on mediumspecificity into early contemporary experiments, whose radicalism and innovation … The Best Kind of Orator. His most important writing during his stay in Jamaica was a letter addressed on September 6, 1815, to a gentleman of the island. Caracas: Sociedad Bolivariana de Venezuela, 1964. The most apparent objective of the Jamaica Letter is to explain the failure of the first Venezuelan independence to an enigmatic English observer, Henry Cullen; the underlying motive is to reflect on the American order that is about to rise from the ashes of the Spanish Empire. This article traces the documentary sources from which Bolivar derives his notion of confederal union and inspires the unions treaties from 1822 to 1826. The conditions imposed to Haiti by the Ordinance signed by King Chales X of France in the Castle of the Tuileries on April 17, 1825 include, in addition to the monetary compensation, the reduction by half of the tariffs charged to other foreign merchants. [ Links ]. Evidently inspired by the political developments in “enlightened Europe,” the general nonetheless argued that European – namely Spanish – colonialism fundamentally deprived the peoples of the Americas of economic opportunity and equality, whose ideas would eventually prompt independence movements across the region. It was addressed to “an English gentleman,” probably the island’s governor, the Duke of Manchester. [ Links ], FERRARI, Jean. Bolivar also holds an Ancient history in 13 volumes with no mention of the author (PÉREZ VILA, 1964), although by its subject matter and its dimensions, we can assume that it included a wealth of information regarding the Greek League. Chavez, one of the founders of ALBA, PetroCaribe and CELAC, relentlessly promoted regional unity and cooperation, even as these became objects of attacks from opposition groups at home, 'Venezuela, Heart of America' Social Media Campaign Launches, Simon Bolivar's Life to Be Depicted in an Animated Short. Memorias del General O’Leary, I-XXXIV. Table 1 Sources on the Amphictyonic league, and Saint Pierre’s Plan of confederacy (available before 1815), These references appear in his Extrait d'une lettre sur une coutume très utile établie aux Pays-Bas [Excerpt from a letter on a very useful custom established in the Netherlands], from 1739; the Réécrit de l’Empereur de la Chine à l’ocassion du projet de paix perpéuelle [Rescript of the Emperor of China on the Occasion of the Plan for Perpetual Peace], from 1761; the “Chinese Catechism” from the Philosophical Dictionary of 1764; the Lettres à S.A. Mgr. ISBN 9789588850665 But this is no possible. [ Links ], PERKINS, Merle L. Voltaire and the Abbé de Saint Pierre. This article aims to illuminate an aspect that, although essential for independence unionism, remains unexplored in those studies: the origins and meanings of Bolívar’s amphictyonic conception and his imprint on the objectives and characteristics of the Congress of Panama. That said, Polybius authored the best historical account on the amphictyonic league: in 14 of the 39 books that compose his Histories, he reviews the evolution of the Hellenic confederations, particularly the Achaean League based in Corinth.10 It is not known which editions were read by Bolívar, although in his time, The Histories, translated into Spanish by A. Rui Bamba and published in three volumes in Madrid in 1789, and a French version in six volumes, first edited by Gandouin in 1727-1730 and then by Merkus in 1774, were available. The Carta de Jamaica 1815. That said, it is possible that the historians have mistaken Rousseau’s Extract and Saint-Pierre’s Project. How beautiful it would be if the Isthmus of Panamá could be for us what the Isthmus of Corinth was for the Greeks! 9However, this absence does not imply that he did not know about them. “It is not a defensive and offensive alliance”, such as those organized in Europe at the time, but “a society of sister-nations”. (5) The fifth and final article gives the plenipotentiaries the authority to create regulations for the confederation, although it prohibits any change in the fundamental articles. [ Links ], SAINT PIERRE, Charles Irénée Castel de. Topics. The Miscellaneous Works by Rousseau, published in Amsterdam in 1761, include the Extract without clarifying that it follows the work of another author (FERRARI, 1997, p. 28). Instead of a single work on the Projet, Rousseau writes first the summary (Extrait) in which he expresses Saint Pierre's ideas as if the abbot himself had defended them, and then a critical piece (Jugement), where he displays an opposite point of view. Les rêves d’un homme de bien, qui peuvent être réalisés; ou les vues utiles et pratiquables de M. L’Abbé de Saint-Pierre, choisies dans ce grand nombre de Projets singuliers, dont le bien public étoit le principe. Hispanic Americans still organized a conference in the capital of the Peru in 1865, frustrated by the political immaturity of the parliaments. 11However, it does not specify the works consulted. The next unionist initiative, seeks to respond to the expansionist policy of United States. Cartas del Libertador. Polybius (2010, II 2-4, 45; IV 6, 9, 16, 25, 26, 27, 30, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65; V 5, 6, 14, 26, 27, 96, 97, 102, 107; IX 32-40, 41-42; XI 5, 4, 7; XIII 3; XVI 24; XVIII 2, 3, 10, 38, 46, 47; XX 4, 5, 9-11; XXI 25, 32; XXIII 18; XXVII 15; XXVIII 4; and XXXIX 1). Mexico: Secretaría de Educación Pública, 1987. Simón Bolívar, a member of the Venezuelan planter class and a leading figure in the movement, was in exile. There is no doubt that Bolívar consulted this text: in his Letter, he quotes a certain (José) “Guerra”, the pseudonym used by Mier to publish in 1813 the Historia de la Revolución de la Nueva España [History of the Revolution of the New Spain]. L’année 1795: Kant, essai sur la paix. Cf. 4Bolívar to Juan Martín Pueyrredón, Angostura, June 12, 1818 (BOLÍVAR, 1964, v. II, p. 19). [ Links ], ROUSSEAU, Jean-Jacques. Bolívar to Francisco de Paula Santander, Arequipa, 20 de mayo de 1825 (BOLÍVAR, 1966, v. IV, p. 345). I-VII. The originality of the transfer to Hispanic America is reflected not only in the characteristics of the project but also in the consistency that it gives to the entire independence enterprise. For its organization, Simon Bolívar appeals to the amphictyonic assemblies of classical Greece and invokes the Pan-European project of the Abbe Saint Pierre. Would to God that some day we may have the good fortune to convene there an august assembly of representatives of republics, kingdoms, and empires to deliberate upon the high interests of peace and war with the nations of the other three-quarters of the globe. Cartas de un americano 1811-1812. In it, Bolívar began by analyzing what had been until that time had been considered the historical successes in the struggle for liberty in the Americas. La carta de Jamaica . Indianapolis: Liberty Found, 2001. RELATED: 'Venezuela, Heart of America' Social Media Campaign Launches. It was a response to a letter from Henry Cullen, in which Bolívar explained his thoughts about the social and political situation of the Spanish America at the time, the power of the Spanish Empire and the possible future of the new nations that would be created after its … A short summary of this paper. Traducción de G. R. Velasco. Moreover, Chavez considers himself a bolivariano, that is to say he takes inspiration from the Carta de Jamaica and the Discurso de Angostura, texts written by Simon Bolivar, called El Liberator because he kicked the Spaniards out of Bolivia, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Bolívar to Francisco de Paula Santander, Arequipa, May 20, 1825 (BOLÍVAR, 1966, v. IV, p. 330). Clearly, it must be said that he did not lack opportunities to consult the original. The Histories. Observations sur l'histoire de la Grèce [Comments on the history of Greece] is significant for our analysis. As he had earlier in 1812, he analyzed the causes of the patriot movement's failure and why he hoped for ultimate succcess. In a conceptual sense, the amphictyonic plan represents the common thread that binds the Letter of Jamaica to the creation of Colombia, the Colombian Constitution of 1821 to the bilateral treaties of confederation and them to the Congress of Panama. No doubt perpetual peace is by now an absurd project. [ Links ], BOLIVAR, Simon. Duty Station: Work may be conducted off-site, but candidates based in Mexico, Central America or the Caribbean are preferred.. Paris: Ponthieu, 1826. The article in the Morning Chronicle reminds the manifesto juntista of April 27, 1810, in which the Caracas elite invited American juntas to “uphold the same principles of autonomy and to promote the great work of the Spanish-American Confederation”. América espera. The differential elements are no less, although their importance lies in the fact that they respond to American characteristics and needs: the granting of trade preferences, the abolition of slavery, the independence of Cuba and Puerto Rico, the design of the rights of foreign consuls, the rejection of the European proposal to buy diplomatic recognition,6 the organization of the confederate army, the functioning of the assembly, and others. New Yok: The Ohio State University, 1966. Observations sur l’histoire de la Grèce. After this effort, the confederate movement ceases when burst the first wars of conquest between Latin American countries: the War of the Triple Alliance and especially the War of the Pacific. The Jamaica Letter, on the other hand, involves resorting to sources on the Amphictyonic regime and Saint-Pierre’s project. Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, 2010. v. I-III. The marginal notes to the works of Rousseau are numerous and critical, leaving no doubt about his little sympathy for the “citizen of Geneva”. Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, 1967. v. I, III, IV and VII. As we all know, the best references on the amphictyonic leagues are the works by Polybius, Thucydides, Herodotus, Aeschines, Aristophanes, Strabo and Demosthenes. Estimated start and end date: January 2021 – March 2021. The latter was edited in Bolívar (1964, p. 215-235). 7. v. Caracas: Biblioteca Ayacucho, 2010. The latter involved the countries that had hosted three amphictyonic conferences (REZA, 2012). adriana-rivas.blogspot.com Competitive Analysis, Marketing Mix and Traffic But there are various hypotheses The "Letter of Jamaica" is counted as one of the greatest documents from the pen of Bolivar. In these conditions, it is not surprising that students of Bolívar’s work could not specify the consulted version of the Project (PÉREZ VILA, 1964, p. 443). His celebrated Le Siècle de Louis XIV [The Age of Louis XIV] of 1751, exempts the absolutist monarch from Saint-Pierre’s recommendation (included in Discours sur la Polysynodie from 1719), according to which kings must make their decisions based on the advice of a group of experts and not on their sole discretion. (4) The fourth specifies the sanctions for the violators of confederal law, including the lifting of a confederal army. To answer this question, in the first part we define the amphictyonic notion in the Jamaica Letter, then, we trace the specific sources used as a model, and to conclude, we identify common elements of the Bolivarian Project and the confederal tradition. Voltaire represents a problematic source. In America, there are very few documents that could have informed Bolívar on these issues: the plans of Juan Egaña, studied in the first chapter of this book, unknown to him; a text by Fray Servando Teresa de Mier; and an essay of The Federalist. If Bolivar payed attention to that paragraph, which contains the main basis for the Amphictyonic model, then he may have seen reflected in it his desire to reconcile the sovereign zeal of the Hispanic American colonial centers with the aim of protecting them through the union of their army and foreign policies. Chavez, one of the founders of ALBA, PetroCaribe and CELAC, relentlessly promoted regional unity and cooperation, even as these became objects of attacks from opposition groups at home. In addition to the classical literature, we should consider the books on political philosophy that Bolívar cited or that are found among his belongings. “Here in Mexico, a document, a commitment, the creation of a Latin America and Caribbean body, it’s not the United States, it’s not Canada ... Now, from Mexico we can say that we have revived the dream and project of Bolivar,” President Chavez stated during the CELAC inauguration. Realizado por: Juan Carlos Castejon, Eliana Aranguren y Victor Reyes, y la majestuosa voz del señor Joel Bartu. The so-called “Jamaica Letter” was written in 1815 by Latin American independence leader, Simon Bolivar in Kingston. Back to Voltaire, it should be said that even though Bolívar knew his satires, his own attitude towards Saint-Pierre’s plan suggests that the Venezuelan never considered them seriously. It was written during his self-imposed exile in Jamaica (then a British colony) after a major military defeat in Venezuela. National Archive of Colombia, “Peticiones y Solicitudes”, La República, volume XVII, folios 312-314. Kehl: Société Typographique, 1784-1789. Publication date 2015 Title Variation Carta de Jamaica doscientos años después Note "Carta de Jamaica de Simón Bolívar": pages 228-250. It is reasoned that, as these parts pave a common origin, language, customs, and religion, the ought to have a single government to permit the newly formed states to unite in a confederation. germandelareza@hotmail.com. By yuli condori mamani. Abstract: This paper presents a thematic comparative linguistic analysis between José Martí's "Nuestra América" and Simón Bolívar's "La carta de Jamaica". In addition to fighting against foreign invasion and economic domination, Bolivar's … The Political Thought of Bolivar: Selected Writings. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1971. 3Bolívar, “Carta de un español de Cádiz a un Amigo suyo en Londres”, Morning Chronicle, London, September 5, 1810. The impact and importance of the Jamaica Charter has been evident in a number of areas, including: 1- It was the first expression of the purpose of liberation of the American continent . One of the fundamental objectives of The Jamaica Letter is the reflection on the features that should have the international order after the fall of the Spanish Empire. BOLIVAR, Simon. In exile, Bolívar turned his energies toward gaining support from Great Britain, and, in an effort to convince the British people of their stake in the freedom of the Spanish colonies, he wrote the greatest document of his career: La carta de Jamaica (“ The Letter from Jamaica”), in which he outlined a grandiose panorama from Chile and Argentina to Mexico. He doesn't know it, but also Rousseau believes Saint Pierre’s plan is utopian. 13In July of this year, Caterina II of Russia acquired the entire library of Voltaire. 1, both countries decide to join, unite and federate “to support their independence and ensure their mutual prosperity”; Art. Las referencias a México, Venezuela, Colombia, Perú y Cuba y las reflexiones sobre una futura federación americana fueron duranto todo el siglo XIX una continua fuente de inspiración para el continente. The second is its poor dissemination, due to several reasons: (1) Tts cumbersome and difficult-to-understand style; (2) The editorial strategy of Saint-Pierre, who used to send 30 copies to print and, after collecting readers’ views, proceeded to a new print; (3) The difficult travel to Hispanic America, where the works of the Enlightenment arrived through travelers who placed them in private libraries, thus limiting their dissemination; (4) The edicts from 1756 and 1764, which vetoed, in totum, the Discourse on Inequality and The Social Contract. Bolívar refers to the Greek amphictyony and to the project of the abbot Saint-Pierre in the same paragraph of the Letter:2. But any other plan, such as that of Abbé St. Pierre, who in laudable delirium conceived the idea of assembling a European congress to decide the fate and interests of those nations, would be meaningless (BOLÍVAR, 1964, v. II, p. 215-235). But give us a Henri IV and a Sully [the proponent of the first plan of European Confederation], perpetual peace will become a reasonable project: or rather, let us admire a beautiful plan, but let us console ourselves for its non-realization, because this can be done only by violent and formidable resources (ROUSSEAU, 1817, p. 62). [ Links ], SILVA CASTRO, Raúl. Jugement sur la Paix Perpétuelle. However, this goal will be attained not by one, but by several independent countries. Escritos políticos de Camilo Henríquez. He wrote the so-called “Jamaica Letter” in 1815, where he elaborates more broadly on his political theories to explain the causes for the fall of the Second Republic of Venezuela within the broader context of liberation struggles in the region. Bogotá: Publicaciones de la Asociación Colombiana de Bibliotecarios, 1959. [ Links ], MABLY, Gabriel Bonnot de. 17, which establishes that the perpetual confederation pact “shall not interrupt in any manner the exercise of national sovereignty” (REZA, 2010, p. 32). [ Links ], PLUTARCH, Lucius Mestrius. The amphictyonic model is endorsed by Art. Download. (Ed.). Los libros que leyó Bolívar. 24 July 2017 - 08:30 AM. In 1815, the fight for the independence of the Spanish colonies in Latin America was on the defensive. Caracas: La Casa de Bello, 1979. Edited by G. Fitzgerald. 10, the countries commit to make common cause against foreign enemies; and Art. The Jamaica Letter obtained much of its revolutionary content from Haiti, which became the first modern colony to win its independence in 1804 – an event that had significant influence on the thinking of independence leaders like Bolivar and Francisco de Miranda. “Then will those sciences and arts which, born in the East, have enlightened Europe, wing their way to a free Colombia, which will cordially bid them welcome.”. The Mexican Chancellor, Lucas Alaman, sends its representatives to Central and South America in order to reinstall the Congress of Tacubaya and continue the creation of the Confederation. The delegates finally gather in Lima in early 1847, and like the Congress of Panama, the Congress of Lima fails to implement the unity for lack of ratification of the treaties. [ Links ], HAVENS, George R. Voltaire’s Marginalia on the Pages of Rousseau: A Comparative Study of Ideas. Then will we march majestically toward that great prosperity for which South America is destined,” Bolivar wrote. Where does Bolívar nourish the idea of this regime? Doutor em História e Filosofia pela Université de Toulouse - Le Mirail e Doutor em Ciências Econômicas pela Université Paris I - Panthéon-Sorbonne. [ Links ], CICERO, Marcus Tullius. summary Es a nosotros, que constituimos a esa especie intermedia entre indios y españoles, a quienes corresponde hacer la independencia; y la haremos a pesar del abandono de una Europa que se muestra indiferente a nuestros sufrimientos y que nuevamente permite nos sacrifique, la vieja serpiente que es España. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras, UNESP, Campus de Assis, Sources on the Amphictyonic league, and Saint Pierre’s Plan of confederacy (available before 1815), https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-436920170000000026, ­ Saint Pierre, Projet de paix perpétuelle, Simon Bolivar’s readings on both subjects. It is a grandiose idea to think of consolidating the New World into a single nation, united by pacts into a single bond. But great was our imperial surprise when we searched in vain for our name in the list. ”As soon as we are strong and under the guidance of a liberal nation which will lend us her protection, we will achieve accord in cultivating the virtues and talents that lead to glory. The Plan for Perpetual Peace, on the Government of Poland, and other writings on History and politics. [ Links ], VOLTAIRE, François-Marie Arouet. 1930) was fundamental to Neoconcretism, which was an avant-garde movement that took place in Rio de Janeiro from 1959 to the mid-1960s. Prince of…], published in 1767; Le dîner du comte de Boulainvilliers [The Count of Boulainvilliers’ dinner], 1767; Fragment sur l'histoire générale [Fragment on General History], 1773; one of the epigrams included in Poésies mélangées [Miscellaneous French poems]; and in the opuscule Sur la paix perpétuelle du docteur Good-heart [On the perpetual peace of the doctor good-heart], of 1769.12. Daniel Florencio: Kant, essai sur la paix Extract and Saint-Pierre s! And Saint-Pierre ’ s project, important despite the fact that there is no copy... American Integration ; amphictyonic League now an absurd project is possible that the historians have Rousseau., this is the English version, which was an avant-garde movement that took place in de... 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